PV = nRT
Diffusion is the rate at which two gases mix.
Effusion is the rate at which a gas escapes through a pin hole.
Graham’s law states that the rate of effusion or of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight.
R₁/R₂ = √(M₂/M₁)
In the same conditions of temperature and pressure, the molar mass is proportional to the mass density. Therefore the rate of diffusion of different gases is inversely proportional to the square root of their mass densities.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Solute is a substance that is dissolved in the solution.
Solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute. Solvent is present in greater amount.
Concentration is the ratio of solute and solvent.
Concentration can be measured using molarity, molality and mole fraction.
Molarity (M) = (moles of solute)/(liters of solution)
Molality (m) = (moles of solute)/(kg of solvent)
The mole fraction of a component in solution is the number of moles of that component divided by the total number of moles of all components in the solution.
Diluting a solution means adding more solvent without adding more solute.
A mole is the amount of substance that contains same number of particles as there are atoms in 12 grams of pure carbon-12. One mole of substance is Avogadro’s number.
The number of molecules in a mole is known as Avogadro’s constant. It is approximately equal to 6.023 x 1023.
One mole of gas has a volume of 22.4 liters at Standard Temperature and Pressure.
One mole of a substance weights the molecular weight of substance in grams.